• Paul Manafort's recent plea deal and cooperation agreement with the special counsel Robert Mueller is the latest indication of how the Russia investigation mirrors an organized crime case.
• The hallmark of any prosecutor's approach to an organized crime case is the use of cooperating witnesses to move up the chain.
• "You start low and you ask people: who did you answer to? Who gave you orders? Who did you report to?" said one Justice Department veteran. "That's the only way to get to the top of a criminal organization, and that's exactly what Mueller's doing."
• But there are also a few crucial differences that make the Russia probe similar to a complex white-collar investigation.

As the special counsel Robert Mueller works his way through the myriad of threads in the Russia investigation, his approach bears more and more similarities to what prosecutors do when they're tackling complex organized crime cases.

Mueller's recent plea deal and cooperation agreement with Paul Manafort, the former chairman of President Donald Trump's 2016 campaign, is just the latest indication of that.

The hallmark of any prosecutor's approach to an organized crime case, experts say, is the use of cooperating witnesses.

Going up the ladder is critical in these types of cases because the organization typically has a hierarchical structure and a clear chain of command. It also usually involves wide-ranging, multi-party criminal activity.

"The higher you go, the more insulated those people are," said Elie Honig, a former federal prosecutor from the Southern District of New York who successfully prosecuted more than 100 members and associates of the Sicilian Mafia. "So the best way to penetrate that closed inner circle is by flipping people, and flipping them up."

After investigators get a sense of which players are part of a criminal enterprise, they start by targeting those at the lowest levels.

"If they don't voluntarily cooperate, you get honest leverage on them to compel their cooperation," said Patrick Cotter, a former federal prosecutor who was part of the team that convicted the Gambino crime family boss John Gotti in the 1990s. "You find their criminal conduct and use that to force them to do what they should have done originally, which is to tell the truth."

Honig said he once nailed a case by flipping someone who was the driver for a more powerful person in the organization.

"That led us right up the chain," he said. "And you can see that happening in the Russia investigation."

The first plea deal Mueller's office announced was that of George Papadopoulos, who served as an early foreign policy aide to the Trump campaign. Next, he looped in Michael Flynn, the former national security adviser who admitted to lying to the FBI.

In February, Rick Gates, the former deputy chairman of the Trump campaign, announced that he would be pleading guilty and cooperating with the special counsel. Gates' cooperation led prosecutors upstream, and his courtroom testimony against Manafort helped them successfully convict his former boss on eight counts of financial fraud last month.

Likewise, legal scholars say, Manafort's cooperation, as well as that of Trump's former longtime lawyer, Michael Cohen, will likely help Mueller and New York federal prosecutors get information on an even bigger fish.

"It's a classic strategy used in organized crime," Cotter said. "You start low and you ask people: who did you answer to? Who gave you orders? Who did you report to? That's the only way to get to the top of a criminal organization, and that's exactly what Mueller's doing."

'When you pull at a thread, you never know what you're going to unravel'

That said, there are two critical differences between Mueller's approach to the Russia probe and prosecutors' approach to organized crime cases.

The first is that most criminal enterprises don't have a clear paper trail.

"Organized crime is particularly dependent on insider witnesses, because everything is kind of hidden and done in the shadows," said Alex Whiting, a former Justice Department lawyer who prosecuted organized crime and corruption cases when he worked at the US attorney's office in Boston.

"These cases usually aren't paper heavy because there's no email trail or documentation," he added.

The Russia investigation, by contrast, has often been document-heavy. Prosecutors introduced 400 pieces of evidence at Manafort's first trial in Virginia last month, and they planned to put forward almost three times that amount at his second trial had he not struck a last-minute plea deal.

Similarly, their charging document against Gates extensively cited his financial records, emails, and communications with other witnesses.

In that sense, Whiting said, certain aspects of the Russia probe make it more like a white-collar case.

The other crucial difference is that organized crime cases cases involve activities that clearly cross legal boundaries.

But Mueller's team is sifting through a mix of legal political activity and potentially illegal activity.

The prototypical example of that overlay, Whiting said, is Trump himself.

"The president has the legal authority to fire the FBI director, but is it obstruction if he fired him to hamper an investigation into him?" Whiting said. "Trump has the power to pardon anyone for any federal crime, but is he obstructing justice if he does it to prevent them from testifying? Is collusion a crime?"

"There's a complexity here that you don't often see with organized crime," he added. "In that respect, it's much more like investigating white-collar crime, because the main questions there are, what was the conduct, and did the conduct cross into illegal territory?"

The bottom line in a case like the Russia probe, Honig said, is that there's no way to tell where it will ultimately lead.

"When you pull at a thread, you never know what you're going to unravel."

SEE ALSO: 'It's not even a close call': Giuliani is pushing a dubious theory about Paul Manafort's plea deal that experts say is bogus

DON'T MISS: 'It's getting lonely on Trump Island': Mueller just snagged his biggest victory yet in the Russia probe

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NOW WATCH: Medical breakthroughs we will see in the next 50 years

• Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook's CEO and founder, has spent his entire career at one company.
• According to The New Yorker, Zuckerberg often relies on COO Sheryl Sandberg to find out how things work at other companies.
• Workplace experts say it's important for long-tenured leaders like Zuckerberg to surround themselves with other perspectives.
• As for individuals, it can be helpful to move around between companies, or between departments at the same company, to develop new skills.

A recent New Yorker profile of Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg includes a telling quotation from COO Sheryl Sandberg:

"Sometimes Mark will say, in front of the company, 'Well, I've never worked anywhere else, but Sheryl tells me...'"

Sandberg added: "He acknowledges he doesn't always have the most experience. He's only had the experience he's had, and being Mark Zuckerberg is pretty extraordinary."

Zuckerberg is 34 years old; he founded Facebook in college. As The New Yorker's Evan Osnos points out, Zuckerberg has designed the entire company to suit his unique preferences. (Osnos writes that Zuckerberg chose Facebook's signature royal blue because he is red-green color-blind and can see royal blue most clearly.)

While Zuckerberg is an extreme example, the quotation from Sandberg raises questions about the relative benefits and drawbacks of building your career in one place. We asked two workplace experts for their opinions, although they can't comment on Zuckerberg specifically since they don't know him personally.

Long-tenured leaders should surround themselves with people who have different perspectives

Jaime Klein, who is the founder of Inspire Human Resources, mentioned some organizational benefits of having a long-tenured leader, including "institutional knowledge" and "cultural stability." Klein has observed that, when organizations go through a leadership transition, there tends to be a period of time where everyone is unproductive.

That said, Klein added that the downside of having a long-tenured leader is that "you don't have the importing of fresh ideas." We tend to "surround ourselves with fabulous people that remind us of our fabulous selves," Klein said, as opposed to people with different perspectives.

One potential solution, according to Klein and Erica Keswin, who is a workplace strategist, an executive coach, and the author of the forthcoming book "Bring Your Human to Work," is for CEOs to surround themselves with leaders who have more diverse backgrounds. That's what Zuckerberg seems to have done in hiring Sandberg, who came from Google and has government experience.

"It takes a strong leader," Keswin said, to recognize the gaps in their skill set and hire people whose competencies complement theirs.

Klein called it "cross-pollination": The leaders with outside experience bring innovative ideas and the more tenured leaders know how to implement those ideas in the context of their particular organization.

Keswin had another suggestion for long-tenured CEOs and founders: Join organizations with people in top leadership positions from other companies. That way, they can get candid feedback on their performance and hear how other leaders have tackled similar challenges.

Individuals can find it helpful to move around between — or within — organizations

As for people who aren't in top leadership positions, Keswin had a similar tip: Seek out opportunities to work across the organization so that you're constantly learning and growing. That might mean volunteering for side projects in other departments.

"You become more valuable to that business because you can connect the dots," Keswin said.

Klein's view is that moving between different organizations can be beneficial for individual employees, specifically because they develop different skills at each one. "Many times it does help people, if they feel like they can't reach their career potential," to move companies, she said.

It can also be helpful to work under a new leader, "with new ideas, new mentoring techniques, and new ways to develop that person."

Often, the decision to switch companies comes down to intuition over logic. As Klein said, "Everyone knows deep in their souls when it's time to go."

SEE ALSO: Twitter's former CEO called Mark Zuckerberg a 'ruthless execution machine,' but many Silicon Valley insiders don't agree

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Russia may be telling 'true lies' about its 'unprecedented' war games with China — and it wouldn't be the first time

SEE ALSO: US submarines are better than China's 'by far,' but in a war that may not matter

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NOW WATCH: How Russia's most advanced military equipment stacks up against NATO hardware

• YouTube has been under fire for promoting conspiracy theories in its search and suggestions.
• In a viral Twitter thread, MSNBC's Chris Hayes demonstrates how quickly a simple search can return wild misinformation.
• YouTube said it is "aware" of the issues after being contacted by Business Insider. 

The Federal Reserve is a critically important body for the global economy that's also frequently misunderstood.

So what happens when you visit the biggest video website in the world, YouTube, which is owned by Google, and look for some basic information about the US central bank?

If you thought you might learn about the Fed's dual mandates for shaping monetary policy, or about the 12 regional banks in the Federal Reserve System, you'd be mistaken.

Instead, what you'll get is a jumble of harebrained conspiracy theories and misinformation, as MSNBC's Chris Hayes pointed out in a series of tweets that are going viral.

All you have to do is type "Federal Reserve" into YouTube to tumble into the bizarre rabbit hole. As Hayes points out, this is pretty worrisome if you imagine a student, or any other well-meaning citizen, trying to educate themselves on the topic. 

Follow along with Hayes' thread below, as he demonstrates step-by-step how easily someone can unwittingly be steered by YouTube into the world of the lunatic fringe: 

Business Insider was able to recreate all of Hayes' findings in an up-to-date Chrome browser in Incognito Mode on Friday. 

And the problem is even broader than what Hayes described.

Hayes' example was based on clicking the top video search result for "Federal Reserve." But most of the other search results YouTube serves up on the page are equally problematic.

The top result, which is a paid ad, is from Marginal Revolution University, which is a respected blog run by economists from George Mason University. While the video may take its own stance on controversial topics, it's not going to present any outright misinformation. 

There's also a 2013 documentary that appears to be a ripped version of a movie that's on sale from YouTube for $2.99. This video also seems like it's based on reliable information. 

But that video's 176,000 views are dwarfed by three videos that are purely conspiratorial — the aforementioned "Century of Enslavement," at 1.6 million views, "The Creature from Jekyll Island," with 557,000 views, and "The Federal Reserve Explained in 3 Minutes," with 794,058 views.

Hayes isn't the only person to encounter this exact issue with finding reliable information on YouTube. A comment on that last video:

What's funny is that Google's search results for "Federal Reserve" are far superior, with links to the actual official Federal Reserve website, tweets from the Federal Reserve, a Wikipedia article, and news articles from reliable sources like Bloomberg and Business Insider.

YouTube has been swept up in recent controversies about misinformation and disinformation on large platforms. In July, it announced new features including a "news shelf" on top of search results with links to reliable articles and additional context.

"We said, look, people are coming to our homepage and if we are just showing them videos of gaming or music and something really significant happened in the world, and we are not showing it to them, then in many ways we’re missing this opportunity," YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki said in March. 

After an inquiry from Business Insider, YouTube representative Chris Dale said the team was aware of the issues.  "Hey @chrislhayes. We're definitely aware and our engineering team is working to improve things. We rolled authoritative ranking for breaking news and news queries. We'll build out to other topics, but it will take time," he tweeted, adding a link to this announcement page.

Until then, if you want reliable information about the Federal Reserve, and how it sets interest rates and encourages full employment, check out this informative Business Insider article. 

SEE ALSO: Twitter dropped the hammer on Alex Jones and permanently kicked him off its service

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NOW WATCH: Apple might introduce three new iPhones this year — here’s what we know

• San Francisco's new four-block-long Salesforce Transit Center — and the stunning rooftop park located on top of it — is officially open to the public.
• A project almost two decades in the making, the transit center was designed to be a central nexus for local transportation.
•  Eleven bus lines stop at the station, and transit officials plan to eventually connect it to rail lines as well. 
• The $2.2 billion transit center is being hailed as the "Grand Central Station of the West," and some have compared its park to The High Line in New York.

San Francisco's highly-anticipated Salesforce Transit Center and the new park located on its roof are officially open to the public.

Located in a colossal white building that snakes its way through the city's downtown South of Market district, the transit project was almost two decades in the making and was designed as a much-needed improvement to San Francisco's notoriously clogged transportation systems. Routes on eleven bus lines stop at the transit center. In the future, so too will Caltrain, the Bay Area's commuter-rail services, and California's High Speed Rail, which will run between there and Los Angeles.

The center's urban design has drawn comparisons to New York's new Oculus transit station, while its rooftop park has been likened to The High Line in New York, a park that's located on a former elevated rail line. But its new nickname harkens back further into Gotham's history.

The center has been dubbed the "Grand Central Station of the West." It's an apt moniker, given the building's scale and $2.2 billion budget.

Take a look around San Francisco's "Grand Central Station."

SEE ALSO: There's a 'water bar' in San Francisco that will pour you shots of fruit water, not booze — take a look inside

The transit center's bulbous white facade spans four blocks in downtown San Francisco. It's hard to miss.

Its exterior is made from perforated white aluminum that was shaped into wave-like forms.

The main building consists of five levels, including the rooftop park and the Grand Hall on its ground level.

The Bus Deck is above the ground level. The structure's two other levels are below-ground floors that were designed for rail lines but aren't yet in use.

Source: Transbay Program

The only way to get Apple's MacOS operating system is to buy one of Apple's own Macs. That's pretty much the way it's always been. Or at least, that's the only official way. 

The computer pictured above is running MacOS, but it's not a Mac. It's a so-called Hackintosh — a computer built by a hobbyist, made to run MacOS on non-Apple hardware.  

You read correctly: You don't need to buy a Mac to get the Apple experience (or official Apple apps), assuming you're willing to do the work of building one. 

In a way, the reasons to buy, build, or turn your existing computer into a Hackintosh represent some of the less desirable aspects of buying a Mac from Apple — namely, that they're expensive, hard to customize, and often not exactly what you need. 

Check out some of the reasons why people build their own Hackintosh computers instead of buying a Mac from Apple, including some perspectives from tech YouTubers:

SEE ALSO: Everything that's wrong with the computers and laptops that Apple sells

With a Hackintosh, you can get the Apple experience for much less money than if you shelled out for a pricey Mac.

YouTuber Snazzy Labs made a $350 Hackintosh that "manages to hang with Apple's current lineup" as of January 2018, he says. 

Building your own Hackintosh also lets you run apps that only run on Macs, like Final Cut Pro X, without paying the premium that Apple's computers command at retail.

Something to note off the bat: Legally and ethically, building a Hackintosh is kind of a grey area.

To build a Hackintosh, you need a copy of Apple's MacOS to install on it, or else what's the point? The problem is that, generally speaking, the only Apple-sanctioned way to get a copy of MacOS is to have it already installed on a Mac. 

Most reputable Hackintosh guides advise you to take a Mac you already own, and copy the operating system off of that. But it's fair to say that this isn't what Apple had in mind for the MacOS software — and it could violate the terms of service that you agree to when you first got your Mac. 

So far, Apple hasn't taken action one way or another on the Hackintosh community, and has let it be. Just be advised that this may not always be the case. 

We've reached out to Apple for comment on its stance towards Hackintoshes, and will update if we hear back. 

YouTuber Marques Brownlee built a Hackintosh back in 2013 because Apple didn't have a computer that fit his needs at the time.

Truth be told, Apple doesn't make a computer that I'd be perfectly satisfied with.

Take my 2016 MacBook Pro, for example. I bought it because I wanted an Apple laptop with a 15-inch display. But the only models in that screen size come with a dedicated graphics chip — a chip with more power than I really need in my everyday life. Still, if I wanted the bigger screen size, I'd have to pay the price for that premium hardware. 

The same is true of the rest of Apple's Mac lineup, too. 

Apple might not always release computers with the specs that you need. Or, if a Mac does have the specs you want, it might also come with parts that you don't need. Apple's newest iMac Pro, for example, is essentially built into a 5K display —  a super-high-end display that contributes heavily to the $5,000 price tag. If you want the machine, but not the display, then you don't really have other options...apart from building your own Hackintosh. 

It's part of the reason why the popular tech YouTuber Marques Brownlee built a Hackintosh a while back:

The US just cut a deal with a major ally that will put China's submarines in their crosshairs

SEE ALSO: US submarines are better than China's 'by far,' but in a war that may not matter

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NOW WATCH: The wreckage of a World War II-era US warship that the Navy called the worst disaster at sea has been discovered

Fall is officially here and that means it's time for pies, cobblers, and bread. But if the mere thought of any kind of baking puts you into a panic, check out these 12 baking hacks INSIDER discovered by talking to several professional bakers.

These hacks will be sure to put your mind at ease and save you the extra work of making many common mistakes.

Start at the end of your recipe.

It's essential to be systematic in your approach to baking because it really is an exact science that must be followed precisely, according to Colavita Master Chef Ken Arnone. A trick to achieving this is by reading through your recipe backward.

"Start at the end of your recipe and work backward, gathering all equipment, pots, and pans, preheating the oven, etc. Prepare all molds or pans. Then organize and accurately scale all of your ingredients. Now, it's time to begin," Chef Ken told INSIDER.

Crack your eggshells cleaner.

To crack your eggs without getting shells in your batter or dough, you must crack with conviction, according to Rachel Khong, author of "All About Eggs" and featured in "Genius Desserts."

Timid taps are what cause the shell to shatter into tiny pieces, she added. If you do still need to retrieve errant shell bits, Khong said you can wet a finger and dive in or scoop them out with half of the eggshell.

Measure your sticky ingredients without the hassle.

For those sticky ingredients that are tough to scoop out of your measuring cups, Chef Ken recommends using olive oil. Coat the measuring instruments lightly with olive oil before scaling honey, maple syrup, corn syrup, or molasses.

This will allow the stickier ingredients to slide right out. You can also use a paper towel that has been moistened with oil and wipe the measuring spoon or cup so that the ingredients easily slip out, Chef Ken added.

• On Saturday night, Ariana Grande shared two videos featuring a tiny pig on her Instagram story.
• The singer also posted a close-up photo that showed the tiny pig sleeping on the lap of her fiancé, Pete Davidson.
• On early Monday morning, Grande and Davidson's tattoo artist posted a photo of the comedian's rib cage — newly adorned with a portrait of a pig and the words "Piggy Smallz."

Pete Davidson appears to have gotten another permanent homage to his relationship and life with Ariana Grande.

On early Monday morning at around 2 a.m., Manhattan-based tattoo artist Mira Mariah posted a photo of the comedian's rib cage (easily identified by his massive tattoo reading "DAVIDSON") — newly adorned with a portrait of a pig and the words "Piggy Smallz."

The new ink comes on the heels of Grande's return to social media after a week-long hiatus.

On Saturday night, the singer shared two videos featuring a tiny pig on her Instagram story. She also shared a close-up photo of the tiny pig sleeping on the lap of her fiancé.

While it's possible that this is one big coincidence, it seems far more likely that the couple has gotten a new pet — and that Davidson has added to his collection of Grande-inspired tattoos. 

Read more: Pete Davidson's tattoo artist says he warned the 'SNL' star against getting Ariana Grande-inspired ink

Mariah, who captioned the photo with "Thanks Pete," is also responsible for Grande's largest and most recent tattoo: a portrait of the character Chihiro from the 2001 anime film "Spirited Away."

Mariah's photo of Davidson's rib cage also revealed a new tattoo of Winnie the Pooh holding a balloon.

His existing ink includes multiple tributes to the "Harry Potter" film series; words inspired by lyrics from a Big Sean song, who is Grande's ex-boyfriend; and "Grande" in swooping cursive letters across his chest.

A representative for Davidson didn't immediately respond to INSIDER's request for comment.

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Let’s face it, your 20s can be intimidating, difficult, and downright stressful. Following typical societal expectations, you’re meant to graduate college, meet the love of your life, and build a blossoming career in 10 years.

Sometimes you just need a reminder that not all paths in life take the same course. In fact, some of the most famous people in history didn’t find their true callings or become notable until much later in life. For every mega-successful person who rose to fame in their 20s, there are also some late bloomers.

Below are 30 notable historical icons and exactly what they were doing in their 20s.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. earned his doctorate young.

After earning his B.A. at 19 and his B.D. at 22, civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. graduated with his doctorate from Boston University in 1955, when he was 25. In 1954, MLK became the pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery and had previously joined the NAACP. In 1995, he would lead the famed Montgomery bus boycott. During this time he was arrested, abused, and his home was bombed.

At 28 years old, Dr. King was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. He would become the youngest person to ever win the Nobel Peace Prize at the age of 35, just four years before he was assassinated.

Alexander Hamilton signed the Declaration of Independence before he was 30.

Founding father Alexander Hamilton was a highly successful government official in colonial America by his early 20s. Hamilton said he had his first job at age 11 and moved to New York at the age of 16 to attend what is now known as Columbia University but left to join the Revolutionary War before graduating.

In his early 20s, Hamilton became Washington’s loyal advisor and military strategist. Hamilton would then go on to sign the Declaration of Independence and serve as Chief of Staff to George Washington all before the age of 30.

Oprah Winfrey was fired from her first job.

Believe it or not, media mogul Oprah Winfrey was fired (or, rather, demoted) from one of her first ever reporting jobs in her early 20s.

Despite the setback, Winfrey went on to host the show "People Are Talking," where she'd spend the remainder of her 20s making a name for herself as a television personality. She didn't land her namesake show until her early 30s.

• Dermatologist Dr. Sandra Lee (a.k.a. Dr. Pimple Popper) recently collaborated with Spin Master toys on a board game called Pimple Pete.
• Players attempt to pop fake pimples for points. If they're too aggressive, they get sprayed by a water-filled "mega-zit."
• In a recent interview with INSIDER, Lee said the game reflects her real-life strategy. 
• "When I deal with a cyst or a pimple, I don't want to get splashed, so you have to do things really gently," she said.

Dr. Sandra Lee already has four million subscribers on her world-famous pimple popping YouTube channel. But this year, the California dermatologist — who's probably better known by the moniker Dr. Pimple Popper — has been busy expanding her reach beyond the internet. In July, her TV series "Dr. Pimple Popper" premiered on TLC, running for six gloriously gross episodes. It's already been renewed for a second season starting next year.

And that same month, Lee revealed that she had collaborated with toy company Spin Master for a board game called Pimple Pete. The game went on sale at Amazon and Walmart back in August, and it'll be available at Target stores starting October 1.

The gist of the game is simple: First, insert a bunch of squishy, silicone "zits" into the holes on Pete's plastic face. Then, you fill a syringe with water and snap it into place just behind a "mega-zit" on the tip of Pete's nose. (The water is supposed to stand in for the cocktail of pus and skin protein that actually builds up inside zits.)

Players take turns pulling out the zits to earn points. The bigger zits garner more points than the smaller ones. But gentleness is key: Any aggressive or sudden movements could trigger the syringe to deploy, spraying water on unlucky competitors. 

Read more: Dr. Pimple Popper removed a mystery 'third boob' in a woman's armpit — here's what it really is

The game may not exactly match the real experience of squeezing a zit, but in a recent interview with INSIDER, Lee explained at least one way that the game mimics her real-life job. 

"I think it gives people the opportunity to sort of be in my shoes," Lee said. "When I deal with a cyst or a pimple, I don't want to get splashed, so you have to do things really gently." (Some skin growths are so prone to splashing pus and keratin that Lee actually wears a splash guard to protect her face. This highlight reel from her TLC series shows her wearing one during a procedure.)

Read more: Here are the best Dr. Pimple Popper videos of the year — so far

"You can't be aggressive, you can't be reckless," she added. "And I think it'll still give you that satisfying feeling when you remove something and you do it cleanly."

A few INSIDER staffers (including this reporter) recently volunteered to try the game on camera. Watch what happened in the video below. 

Disclosure: This video is brought to you by Business Insider's Insider Picks team. We aim to highlight products and services you might find interesting, and if you buy them, we get a small share of the revenue from the sale from our commerce partners, including Amazon. Jeff Bezos, CEO of Amazon, is an investor in Business Insider through his personal investment company Bezos Expeditions. We frequently receive products free of charge from manufacturers to test. This does not drive our decision as to whether or not a product is featured or recommended. We operate independently from our advertising sales team. We welcome your feedback.

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• Arthur Medici, 26, died on Saturday after being attacked by a shark while boogie boarding at Newcomb Hollow Beach in Wellfleet, Massachusetts.
• Medici's death marked the state's first fatal shark attack in 82 years.
• It was the second attack on Cape Cod in two weeks, which experts attribute to a rising seal population.

A 26-year-old engineering student died on Saturday after being attacked by a shark while boogie boarding at a Cape Cod beach.

Arthur Medici was body surfing with his future brother-in-law, Isaac Rocha, when he was bitten and dragged under the water by what is believed to be a great white shark.

"I just saw him go down under the water and he popped back up really quick and I saw a lot of blood in the water already and he was screaming," Rocha told CBS News.

"And then I saw like a shark tail or something like a part of a shark and I swam to him as fast as I could in that moment and I got to him, I dragged him back to shore about 35-to-40 yards," Rocha added. "When I got to shore I was exhausted. I couldn’t bring him more up the shore. I fell down and I was still carrying him. I got a boogie board strap and I tied it around his thigh to try to stop the bleeding."

Bystanders met the two men at the shore and helped fashion a better tourniquet with a dog's leash.

They then carried him toward the parking lot, but had to stop halfway there because he had stopped breathing and they began CPR.

Paramedics met them on the beach soon after and Medici was rushed to Cape Cod Hospital in Hyannis, where he was pronounced dead.

Medici was from Brazil and a GoFundMe campaign has been started to help raise money to send his body back to his home country. As of Monday afternoon, the fund had raised more than $29,000.

Medici's aunt, Marisa Medici, told the Boston Herald that he moved to the US about four years ago. He was studying part time to become a medical engineer at Bunker Hill Community College, while working at a pizzeria in Boston.

He had been with his fiancée for two years, and she is taking his death hard.

"They were thinking about marriage and all that. It's horrible," friend Isaac Rocha told WCVB.

Medici's father took to Facebook after his son's death, and wrote that "God has taken the reason of my life."

Shark sightings around Cape Cod are on the rise

Medici's death marks Massachusetts' first fatal shark attack since 1936. It was the second shark attack this summer.

On August 15, New York doctor Bill Lytton, 61, was attacked by a shark at a beach less than five miles north of where Medici was killed. Lytton continues to recover from his injuries at a Boston hospital.

"After two attacks, I think we can be concerned that it's a dangerous situation," Lytton told CBS News after Medici's death.

Shark sightings have been on the rise on Cape Cod's Atlantic-facing beaches for the past several years, thanks to a rebounding seal population that draws great white sharks to the Massachusetts coast.

"Unfortunately (Medici) was in an area where the shark was hunting," Gregory Skomal, state Division of Marine Fisheries shark researcher, told the Cape Cod Times. "When they strike with a ferocity of this nature, they believe what they are eating is an aggressive seal that can fight back."

Wellfleet beaches were closed to swimming following Medici's death. It's unclear when they will reopen.

In order to avoid an encounter with a shark, swimmers should heed the following rules, according to Cape Cod Today:

• Don't swim near seals
• Swim close to shore where your feet can touch the bottom
• Enter the water in groups
• Avoid swimming alone at dawn or dusk
• Limit splashing
• Don't wear shiny jewelry

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NOW WATCH: The Samsung Galaxy Note 9 is a $1,000 phone that's actually worth it

• The fast food business isn't exactly known for doling out a ton of perks — or high pay.
• But there are some exceptions among major fast food giants.
• Check out some of the best perks that fast food workers at companies like Starbucks and Chick-fil-A get.

Fast food isn't known for being the easiest industry to work in.

In fact, employees from fast food giants have participated in a lengthy Fight for 15 campaign to demand that companies pay them a living wage.

But that doesn't mean that it's all gloom and doom for fast food workers. Some companies do provide employees with appealing benefits.

Here's a look at some of the top perks in the fast food business:

SEE ALSO: McDonald's drive-thrus are 'not suitable for horses' — and 11 other insider facts about McDonald's that employees know and most customers don't

DON'T MISS: 7 insider facts about Panera Bread that employees know and most customers don't

SEE ALSO: Employees from Costco, Walmart, and Target share their worst horror stories — and they'll make you rethink how you act when you shop

Taco Bell will award $3 million in scholarships this year

The Taco Bell Foundation established its Live Más Scholarship for Restaurant Employees back in 2016.

This year, Taco Bell will give millions to its scholarship program

According to the company's website, the scholarship is not based on grades and involves no essays or test scores.

Instead, they are looking for "the innovators, creators and dreamers."

In-N-Out managers get to travel the world

In-N-Out employees don't just bring home bigger paychecks than most fast food employees.

Thrillist reported that In-N-Out managers who meet their goals get to embark on free trips.

Stocks fell Monday as markets braced for major escalations in the US-China trade war. The Nasdaq Composite dropped nearly 1.5%, with companies like Apple earlier warning tariffs could force them to raise prices. The dollar and Treasury yields slid. 

Here's the scoreboard: 

1. NAFTA negotiations between the US and Canada look likely to stall. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau defended regulations on the country's dairy market, an issue the US has signaled it will not be quick to budge on. Canada imposes high import duties in its dairy market to support prices. 
2. North Korea may be circumventing US-led sanctions related to its nuclear weapons program. The Wall Street Journal reports Pyongyang has worked with Russia and China to avoid sanctions, according to a confidential United Nations report, making the latest economic penalties "ineffective."

And a look at the upcoming economic calendar:

• European Central Bank President Draghi speaks in Paris. 
• Housing starts and existing home sales numbers are out in the US.

SEE ALSO: Coca-Cola is 'closely watching' the cannabis space — and is reportedly eyeing a deal with one of Canada's biggest producers (KO)

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• Zlatan Ibrahimovic scored on an unreal roundhouse king against Toronto FC for the 500th goal of his career.
• After the match, Ibrahimovic said he was happy for Toronto, as they would "be remembered as my 500th victim."
• Ibrahimovic is just the third active player with 500 career goals for club and country, joining the elite company of Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi.
  
  

Zlatan Ibrahimovic has been one of the most thrilling players to watch in American soccer since he joined the Los Angeles Galaxy earlier this year.

As he made clear by scoring two wondrous goals in his Galaxy debut, Ibrahimovic was not coming over to MLS just to play out the twilight of his professional years — he was still playing to dominate.

Over the weekend, Ibrahimovic scored what may be his most impressive goal yet, knocking in a goal against Toronto F.C. with a roundhouse kick. Midfielder Jonathan dos Santos popped a pass into the penalty box that Ibrahimovic found in the air, adjusted to, and then struck with what was essentially a backhand kick to sneak just inside the near post.

The goal — the 500th of Ibrahimovic's career for club and country — was so good that even the Toronto fans had to stand and applaud.

While the goal wasn't enough to get the Galaxy the win, it was still easily the highlight of the day, and Ibrahimovic was not about to give away the spotlight just because his team lost.

After the match, Ibrahimovic was his usual, boastful self, saying, "I am happy for Toronto because they will be remembered as my 500th victim."

Ibrahimovic is just the third active player to have 500 career goals, along with Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi.

SEE ALSO: The 21 most valuable soccer players on the planet right now

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• Independent investment bank Moelis & Company has named Jane Sadowsky as a senior advisor to enhance diversity and inclusion.
• Sadowsky is a former investment banker and has also advised CEOs on leadership matters. 
• The appointment comes as companies across corporate America are taking a closer look at diversity issues in their workforces. 

Moelis & Company has appointed Jane Sadowsky as a senior advisor in a new role to focus on diversity and inclusion at the boutique banking firm, according to a memo seen by Business Insider. 

Sadowsky, a 25-year Wall Street veteran, advised power and utility companies as an investment banker at banks including Evercore and Citi and has also served as a leadership coach to top corporate executives. 

Sadowsky is being brought in to help Moelis attract and retain women and other underrepresented groups at a time when firms across Wall Street are trying to become more inclusive. The #MeToo movement broadly has prompted companies across America broadly to take a closer look at diversity issues in their workforces.

“Diversity and inclusion at Moelis & Company, and the financial services sector more broadly, can only be achieved through a multi-pronged strategy that is shaped by those who have bold, yet pragmatic ideas specifically tailored for our industry,” said Moelis co-president Navid Mahmoodzadegan in a memo.

Moelis has a number of other programs to promote a diverse workplace including a fellowship to help finance business school for women and minorities, a young leaders diversity program for sophomores in college, and a veteran's program. 

CEO Ken Moelis has also said it's possible that the next chief executive of the bank he started might be a woman.

Still, women represent just a small fraction of senior leaders across Wall Street.

According to non-profit group Catalyst, women represent just 16% of senior officials and managers in investment banking.

See also:

• Goldman Sachs has named a new chief to lead diversity efforts
• A 'striking lack of diversity' at the Fed distorts economic policy in ways most people don’t consider

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• Some of the best new features in Apple's software are hidden.
• Here's how to turn on my favorite new hidden feature in iOS 12, which was released on Monday. 

Apple released iOS 12, the latest version of the software that runs on iPhones and iPads, on Monday.

There are a lot of new changes, including performance improvements, a feature for tracking how much you use the phone, and more.

You can check out some of the changes here and a full official changelog here.

But Apple didn't spend any time during its iPhone XS announcement event last week covering my personal favorite "hidden gem" in the new software. 

If you've ever needed to fix a typo or edit a paragraph on your iPhone, you're going to love this.

Simply long press on the iPhone's space bar. Then you'll get a cursor character — a caret — you can move anywhere by dragging your finger.

You kind of have to see it to believe it.

This feature was actually first made available for the iPhone 6s, since that was the first phone to have "Force Touch" (now "3D Touch"), but iOS 12 makes this functionality available on devices that lack 3D Touch, including older iPhones like the iPhone 5S, and the new iPhone XR coming in October. It also works on iPad for the first time, too.

Check it out: 

SEE ALSO: How to download iOS 12, Apple's big new iPhone update

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• The New England Patriots completed a trade for Cleveland Browns wide receiver Josh Gordon on Monday.
• The Patriots sent the Browns a fifth-round pick.
• The Browns announced they'd be cutting the talented, but oft-unavailable Gordon this past weekend.
• Gordon would be a massive upgrade to the Patriots offense if he's healthy.

The New England Patriots have completed a trade for Cleveland Browns wide receiver Josh Gordon, according to reports. NFL Network's Ian Rapoport first reported the two teams were negotiating a trade on Monday.

The Patriots will send the Browns a fifth-round pick for Gordon. According to ESPN's Adam Schefter, the Patriots will get back a late-round pick if Gordon is inactive for 10 or more games.

This past weekend, the Browns announced they would be cutting Gordon, igniting a trade market as other teams made offers to land him before he became a free agent.

Gordon, 27, is an immensely talented receiver who has run into problems off the field. Since racking up 1,600 receiving yards and 9 touchdowns in 2013, Gordon has played just 11 games, mostly because of substance abuse suspensions. He missed the entire 2016 season after violating the league's substance abuse policy.

This past weekend, the Browns decided to move on after he showed up to the Browns' training center with a hamstring injury. According to reports, Gordon had hurt his hamstring during a photo shoot at an event unrelated to the team. After supporting Gordon through suspensions and absences, it was apparently the breaking point for the team.

If Gordon is healthy and on the field, he'd be a huge upgrade to the Patriots offense. With Julian Edelman suspended until Week 5 and players like Danny Amendola and Dion Lewis leaving in free agency, the Patriots have had a difficult time finding receivers who can stay on the field. While Tom Brady has continued chugging right along, the lack of explosion from the offense was notable in Week 2, when the Jacksonville Jaguars suffocated the Patriots offense.

It's a low-risk, high-reward trade for the Patriots. If Gordon can remain on the field and piece together his considerable talents, he could become a dynamic weapon for Tom Brady. If Gordon continues to struggle to get on the field, the Patriots won't be any worse for having made the deal.

Even with a rocky start to the season, it's hard not to view the Patriots as the top contender in the AFC. Adding Gordon to the mix may only improve their odds.

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• Costco's food court is home to a number of cheap and tasty menu options that members and food critics love.
• Costco employees themselves have some favorites, too.
• Business Insider reached out to 49 Costco workers and scoured the web to figure out what meals and Kirkland Signature brand items in the store are considered standout hits.

SEE ALSO: 12 Costco food court menu items employees swear by

DON'T MISS: Costco employees share their 13 best food-court secrets and hacks

SEE ALSO: 30 Costco food court items you'd never guess were on the menu

Costco's giant muffins are a good pick, despite the calories

Members love the croissants — and recommend popping them in the oven to make them even better

The company's maple syrup is a 'steal' — it's an easy way to sweeten up your pancakes without feeling sour about spending

This is a preview of a research report from BI Intelligence, Business Insider's premium research service. To learn more about BI Intelligence, click here.

Amazon Prime’s free two-day shipping has led to an industry paradigm shift. Online retailers — small and large — are increasingly offering the perk to keep from losing customers to the behemoth marketplace. But free shipping comes at a steep cost: Rising shipping expenditures are eating away at retailers' margins. 

Larger retailers that can better afford to eat the cost of free shipping are battling to gain an advantage over Amazon. But most retailers, particularly small ones, lack the resources necessary to compete with the massive online retailer. This has set off a race in the logistics industry: Large logistics providers are creating new services for small retailers, while logistics startups aiming to address the same market are growing in numbers. 

In a new report, BI Intelligence weighs the costs and benefits of free shipping for retailers and analyzes the effects of the perk on the industry. It assesses the technologies that could become commonplace as retailers and logistics providers fight rising shipping costs. However, implementing a cost-effective free shipping strategy can be difficult, so the report also discusses various techniques that both small and large retailers can use to make free shipping work for them.

Here are some key takeaways from the report:

• Small and large retailers alike are turning to free shipping to better compete in an Amazon-dominated market. But rising shipping expenditures are eating away at retailers' margins — even Amazon reported in 2016 that its shipping costs jumped 40%.
• Small retailers face even more challenges than their larger counterparts, as they often lack the resources to invest in supply chain improvements and can’t benefit from the generous shipping discounts large retailers receive. Typically, retailers can get discounts of up to 70%, while boutique shops may only see discounts of about 5%.
• Both retailers and logistics companies will likely invest in technologies that help to lower shipping costs. These include augmented reality (AR), artificial intelligence (AI), and radio frequency identification (RFID) tracking. Additionally, as logistics providers continue to raise shipping rates, large retailers may move some logistics operations in-house.

In full, the report: 

• Provides an overview of how consumers' demand for free shipping is shaping the retail and logistics industries.
• Examines the technologies that may be implemented as a result of  companies seeking to lower shipping costs.
• Discusses various strategies to implement with free shipping for small and large retailers.

Interested in getting the full report? Here are two ways to access it:

1. Subscribe to an All-Access pass to BI Intelligence and gain immediate access to this report and over 100 other expertly researched reports. As an added bonus, you'll also gain access to all future reports and daily newsletters to ensure you stay ahead of the curve and benefit personally and professionally. >>Learn More Now
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